Blending chalk and cheese: assembling a government for Germany

Whether the Social Democrats' Olaf Scholz or a conservative becomes the next German chancellor, they will probably need to bring into their coalition two smaller parties that are far apart on many of the issues that will shape Germany's future.

Any majority will rest on the Greens, led by former competitive athlete Annalena Baerbock and novelist Robert Habeck, and the business-friendly Free Democrats, led by former energy trader Christian Lindner, finding areas of agreement.

"Christian Lindner and I are about the same age, and both he and Robert Habeck are men," joked Baerbock when asked about the seemingly scant areas of agreement between the two parties.

But while her progressive environmentalists and Lindner's libertarians are further from each other than either is from the Social Democrats or the conservatives, their youthful voter bases give them some things in common, especially on social and foreign policy.

Climate Change 

The Greens want to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions within 20 years through "a massive expansion offensive for renewables". The FDP wants Germany to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The SPD and conservatives can wait until 2045.

The Greens also seek to set a general speed limit on Germany's 'no limits' motorways, an idea the FDP hates, and the two also disagree on whether combustion-powered cars should be banned in the medium term, and on taxing air travel more.

How to balance the books? 

The FDP seeks to cut taxes for everyone - a giveaway the IW institute estimates will cost 60 billion euros ($70.3 billion), which would be almost 20% of federal tax revenue. The Greens want to lower the threshold for those paying the top tax rate of 45% and to introduce a 48% band for ultra-high earners. They also want to reform the debt brake to promote public investment.

The conservative CDU/CSU bloc wants gradual tax cuts, while the Social Democrats (SPD) want to help those on small and medium incomes and hike taxes for the top 5%.

What about Europe? 

Along with the conservatives, the FDP rejects a "debt union" and want to ensure that joint EU borrowing to finance the 27-nation bloc's coronavirus recovery package remains a one-off.

The Greens favour a common European fiscal policy to support investment in the environment, research, infrastructure and education.

The SPD regards the recovery package as the basis for building new trust in Europe and has talked about taking steps towards a fiscal union.

And the world? 

The Greens and the FDP are more wary of China than the SPD or the conservatives, agreeing that Chinese firms should have no part in the building of Germany's next-generation telecoms networks in order to keep them secure.

The Greens say the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, a Kremlin-backed project that would boost Germany's reliance on Russian gas, should not be allowed to come into operation. The FDP don't go as far, but are more sceptical than the SPD.

Lonely stands

In some areas the Greens are a lonely minority: alone among the four parties that could enter government, they oppose increasing German military spending to NATO's target of 2% of economic output.

In other areas, the FDP is on its own. The three other parties would increase the minimum hourly wage to 12 euros ($14). The FDP says this is not a matter for the government.

The Anti-Fax alliance 

Both Greens and FDP are strongly in favour of investment to improve digital infrastructure. The parties share a young voter base that is increasingly exasperated by Germany's fax- and phone-bound public administration.

The broad consensus here could be useful when it comes to papering over the parties' sharp differences in fiscal policy.

Happily ever after? 

The Greens and the FDP would both legalise cannabis sales tomorrow, as would the SPD. They would also allow people to vote from 16 years of age.

All three parties would be prepared to allow dual citizenship - a huge change for thousands of ethnic Turks, many of whom remain foreign nationals despite having lived, worked and paid taxes in Germany for decades.

The Greens and the FDP would allow civil servants to wear religious headscarves at work. The SPD and conservatives would not.