Cold weather worsens symptoms of chronic illnesses, experts warn

Cold weather can trigger flare-ups in several chronic conditions, including psoriasis, asthma, Raynaud's disease, and arthritis, according to health experts. 

Dry indoor air, reduced sunlight exposure, and extreme temperatures contribute to worsening symptoms, making winter months particularly challenging for those affected, according to a study published in Harvard Health Publishing. 

Psoriasis worsens due to dry air and lack of sunlight

People with psoriasis, a skin condition causing red, scaly patches, often experience flare-ups in winter due to dry skin, indoor heating, and reduced sunlight exposure. Additionally, seasonal infections such as strep throat can worsen symptoms.  

"UVB radiation slows down rapid skin growth in psoriasis," said Dr Sally Tan, director of the Atopic Dermatitis Specialty Clinic at Harvard-affiliated Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. 

"Take shorter, lukewarm showers; use a humidifier around the house; and moisturise with bland, cream-based emollients liberally—at least once a day, right after showering—to keep the skin barrier intact."  

Dr Tan also advised getting 10 to 15 minutes of natural sunlight exposure daily and using broad-spectrum sunscreen, even indoors near windows, to prevent UV damage.  

Cold air a major trigger for asthma 

Asthma, a chronic lung disease, can worsen in winter due to cold air, which causes airway constriction and inflammation. 

"Most people with asthma are bothered by breathing cold air, which cools and dehydrates the airways, leading to bronchoconstriction," explained Dr Nicholas Nassikas, a pulmonologist at Beth Israel Deaconess.  

To prevent flare-ups, Dr Nassikas recommended wearing a mask outdoors to warm and humidify air before inhaling, taking a puff of a rescue inhaler before going outside for extended periods, and avoiding exposure to smoke or pollution. He also stressed the importance of adhering to prescribed asthma treatments and taking precautions against viral infections by washing hands frequently and wearing masks around sick individuals.  

Raynaud's disease increases risk of pain and blood flow issues

Raynaud's disease, a condition that affects blood flow to extremities, is particularly problematic in winter. Cold temperatures can cause excessive narrowing of blood vessels in the fingers and toes, leading to numbness, pain, and even complications in severe cases.  

"The vessels in the fingers and toes narrow excessively upon exposure to cold. This can compromise blood flow in the affected areas, which can be painful," said Dr Vasileios Kyttaris, a rheumatologist at Beth Israel Deaconess.  

To minimise symptoms, Dr Kyttaris advised avoiding unnecessary exposure to cold, dressing warmly with coats, hats, and mittens, and using hand and foot warmers. He also recommended keeping homes warm by increasing thermostat settings and sealing drafty windows. In severe cases, doctors may prescribe vasodilators to improve blood circulation.  

Cold weather and arthritis: An ongoing debate  

Many arthritis patients report worsening joint pain in cold weather, though scientific research remains inconclusive. Some believe that barometric pressure changes, increased stiffness, and reduced activity levels in winter contribute to heightened discomfort.  

"Some people tend to have more pain and stiffness during certain weather conditions, but research on the connection is inconclusive," said Dr Kyttaris.  

For those who experience more pain in winter, he suggested heat therapy, warm showers, and joint braces to reduce inflammation. He also emphasised the importance of regular exercise to maintain flexibility and reduce discomfort.  

Consult doctors for proper winter health management

Doctors advise adjusting treatments and lifestyle habits to manage symptoms during winter. Those experiencing significant changes in their conditions should consult their physicians for personalised management plans, potential prescription adjustments, or alternative therapies.