Israel-Hamas: Are 'targeted killings' legal?
Israel has a long history of what are known as targeted killings of those it considers enemies, including — most likely — Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh this week
On Wednesday, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh, one of the chief negotiators for a cease-fire and hostage release deal in Gaza, was killed in his accommodation in Tehran when a bomb detonated remotely.
His death could well be described as a "targeted killing," something legal experts with the International Committee of the Red Cross define as "the intentional and pre-meditated use of lethal force by a state or organised armed group against a specific individual outside their physical custody."
Despite the fact that any authority has yet to claim responsibility, it seems highly likely that the government of Israel was behind the attack. Israel is currently engaged in a military campaign in Gaza, where it is fighting the militant Hamas group. It also has a long history of targeted killings and a record of (mostly) denying responsibility for such acts.
The current death toll in Gaza is estimated to be almost 40,000. Germany, the European Union, the US and others classify Hamas as a terrorist organisation.
Keep updated, follow The Business Standard's Google news channel
'Frustration of terrorism'
According to the 2008 academic book "Targeted Killing in International Law," authored by Nils Melzer, now a law professor, Israel was likely the first country in the world to acknowledge a policy of targeted killing in 2000. It was seen as a "policy of targeted frustration of terrorism" by the government and began to be used openly during what is now known as the second Palestinian intifada, or uprising, in 2000.
At the time, Israeli helicopters, gunships and booby traps were used on people in the Palestinian territories Israel claimed were terrorists. By 2007, 210 such "targets" had been killed, along with 129 innocent bystanders, leading Israeli human rights organisation B'Tselem reported.
Israel is not the only country to employ the practice. Many others — including the US, Russia, Switzerland, Germany and the UK — have also carried out targeted killings. Legal scholars say that since September 11, 2001, targeted killing has become increasingly accepted globally.
Prominent examples include the 2011 killing of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden by US special forces in Pakistan, and more recent drone strikes in Syria and Lebanon. In 2014, the German political magazine Der Spiegel alleged that the German military had played an important part in targeted killings of Taliban members in Afghanistan.
How legal is it really?
Targeted killings are often controversial because such assassinations — especially when committed in another nation — are perceived as a violation of a country's sovereignty. But whether these sorts of acts are against the law remains unclear.
In 2002, targeted killing became a topic of debate in Israel when an Israeli and Palestinian human rights group tried to prevent it in court. It took the Israeli Supreme Court five years to come to a decision.
"The government of Israel employs a policy of preventative strikes which cause the death of terrorists," an Israeli judge confirmed in December 2006. "These strikes at times also harm innocent civilians. Does the state thus act illegally?" asked head judge Aharon Barak.
The court's answer? It depends.
"It is decided that it cannot be determined in advance that every targeted killing is prohibited according to customary international law," the judgment concluded. "Just as it cannot be determined in advance that every targeted killing is permissible according to customary international law."
Complex legal frameworks
Legal experts say a number of different questions impact whether a targeted assassination is legal or not. One of the most important is which legal framework the killing is assessed under. Domestic law, certain laws of war, and international humanitarian law are among them.
For example, international humanitarian law, or IHL, is applied in times of conflict and actually allows certain violent acts to be committed during fighting. But even under IHL, the killing could still be questioned if the victim was not directly participating in hostilities at the time they were killed, lawyers have previously argued.
Other issues include whether the state that committed the killing was an occupying power, whether it could have stopped the target in some other way (such as by detaining the victim), whether there is robust law enforcement in the area that could have intervened instead, and what sort of danger civilians were in.
No red lines?
Human rights organisations often argue that all targeted killings are illegal and have expressed concern that they are becoming too commonplace. Meanwhile governments often see them as a useful tool.
The Israeli government has regularly used the tactic, according to local journalists. "In my reporting, I found that since World War II, Israel has used assassination and targeted killing more than any other country in the West, in many cases endangering the lives of civilians," Israeli investigative journalist Ronen Bergman wrote in the New York Times, in an adaptation out of his 2018 book, "Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations."
Bergman continued: "But I also discovered a long history of profound — and often rancorous — internal debates over how the state should be preserved. Can a nation use the methods of terrorism? Can it harm innocent civilians in the process? What are the costs? Where is the line?"
Cathrin Schaer is a freelance journalist based in Berlin, Cathrin Schaer's work has been published in a variety of media, including the New York Times, The Atlantic, Al Jazeera and The Guardian, among others.
Disclaimer: This article first appeared on DW News, and is published by special syndication arrangement.
