Explainer: What you need to know about Zika virus

The country is currently grappling with a dengue outbreak, and now Zika virus cases have been identified in Dhaka. Both diseases are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Experts emphasise the need to understand Zika virus, its risks, and preventive measures to stay safe. 

The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research (IEDCR) has shared insights on Zika virus transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

What is Zika virus?

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne illness that has been spreading rapidly in recent years. It is primarily transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, the same type that spreads dengue and chikungunya.

Symptoms of Zika virus infection

According to the IEDCR, 80% of individuals infected with Zika virus show no symptoms. For the remaining cases, symptoms may appear in 3–12 days after exposure and typically last 2–7 days. Most cases resolve without medical intervention.
Key symptoms to watch for within 14 days of visiting a Zika-affected area include low-grade fever (above 99°F/37.2°C), red rash on the skin, headache, red eyes (conjunctivitis), muscle pain and joint pain.

How Zika virus spreads

Zika virus can spread through:

Mosquito bites: The primary mode of transmission is through bites from infected Aedes mosquitoes, which are also vectors for dengue and chikungunya. These mosquitoes are most active during early morning and evening.

Sexual transmission: The virus can spread through unprotected sexual contact with an infected male.

Pregnancy: If a pregnant woman contracts Zika during the first trimester, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus.
Blood transfusion: Zika can spread through transfusions of infected blood or accidental exposure in medical or laboratory settings.

Treatment for Zika virus

There is no specific cure for Zika virus infection, and treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms. The IEDCR recommends resting and staying well-hydrated. Paracetamol may be used to alleviate fever and pain, but only as prescribed by a doctor. If a patient's condition worsens, they should seek immediate medical attention at the nearest government hospital.

Since a vaccine for Zika virus has not yet been developed, prevention depends on personal awareness and proactive protective measures. Avoiding mosquito bites, practicing safe sexual behaviours, and adhering to travel precautions are essential to reducing the risk of infection.

Preventive measures

Avoid mosquito bites: To avoid mosquito bites, it is important to wear long-sleeved clothing and long pants to minimiুe skin exposure. Using mosquito nets on windows and while sleeping can provide additional protection. Applying mosquito repellent creams to exposed skin is also effective. Extra care should be taken to protect vulnerable individuals, including children, the elderly, and those who are unwell.

Safe sexual practices: According to WHO guidelines, condoms should be used during sexual activity for at least 6 months after returning from a Zika-affected region, even if no symptoms are present.

Precautions during pregnancy: Avoid travel to Zika-affected regions while pregnant. If travel is unavoidable, take strict measures to avoid mosquito bites.

Travel safety: Take precautions against mosquito bites when visiting Zika-affected areas. Practice safe sex during and for at least 6 months after travel.

Awareness and preventive action are crucial to combat Zika virus. By minimising mosquito exposure and practicing safe behaviours, individuals can protect themselves and their communities from the disease.